By Sandeep Chachra
Deliberative policy-making is the cornerstone of democratic governance. The document, For Equality and Justice: A Peoples’ Agenda, aims to embody this maxim by bringing the need of people and vulnerable communities front and centre to further inform and make broad-based and inclusive the processes of formulating development policy.
The document has been compiled through extensive discussions in multiple states with various communities, community-based organisations, civil society organisations and people’s movements. It represents the concerns and needs of people from marginalised communities including Dalits, tribal people, especially nomadic tribes and de-notified tribes (DNT), and minorities, and amongst them focusing on women. These sections form the multitudes of farmers and agricultural labourers, fish workers and rural and urban informal workers in the country.
The document builds upon the idea that the current rights framework, which is predicated on individual human rights, must be expanded towards the establishment of collective rights and the protection of collective goods or commons. Therefore, it carries recommendations for ensuring the protection and rehabilitation of commons such as water.
Land issues
Thus it emphasises policies to enable access and control over the land, forest and water resources of tribal people, who have been historically and unjustly denied access yet play an important role in conserving and maintaining them in all their traditional land customary wisdom. The document encompasses a range of issues such as the rights and entitlements of workers, the need for land reforms, provision of housing as a right, ensuring urban governance, the right to education, and effective and timely disaster response and mitigation.
What emerged principally in the conversations we had with women’s organisations across the states, were the need to recognise the role of women in the worlds of work, to uphold the principle of equal pay for equal work and to accord women engaged in agriculture the status of farmers. The demand for 50 per cent reservation for women from the panchayat to Parliament came up strongly in all the meetings.
Members of the Pramila Bahini, which works on land rights and against human trafficking in West Bengal, Bhopal based Gauravi One Stop Crisis Centre and Swaraj Network of Karnataka spoke about the need to actively implement the provisions to prevent violence against women and accord justice to survivors. Activists with the Mahila Adhikar Manch, active in Nalanda district of Bihar, spoke about the need to issue Kisan Credit Cards to women farmers, to promote co-operatives of women farmers and the extension of all rights and entitlements to them.
West Bengal’s Paschim Banga Griha Paricharika Samiti, an organisation of domestic workers, spoke about the need to recognise the work of women across various spheres as labour, the need to ensure equal pay and secure working conditions. The meetings with the Odisha State Level Organisation of Single Women that represents members from all 30 districts of the state brought focus on to define the term ‘single women’ to extend its status, and associated rights and entitlements to not just widows, but also to divorcees, separated wives, women with missing husbands and unmarried women. They demanded a policy for single women that would ensure their social security. The Balya Bibaha Pratirodha Mancha of Odisha has been demanding for state action to ensure compulsory education of children up to 18 years and declare Odisha as a child marriage-free state ensuing effective implementation of the law.
Conversations on the issues related to rural India ranged from land rights, to forced labour and the need to promote climate resilient sustainable agriculture. The Kisan Majdoor Chetna Sanghatan of Madhya Pradesh shed light on the issues of farmers and land rights, and called for the provision of five acres of land for landless farmers. The Dalit Adhikar Manch of Bihar, the Musahar Manch of Uttar Pradesh, the Dalit Adhikar Sangathan of Odisha spoke about land rights of backward sections, especially Dalits.
They spoke about the need to provide both homestead land and agricultural land for the landless. The specific issues of panchami and mahar lands were raised. These are lands that were issued to Dalit and other backward communities but are in the possession of others. There is a need to ensure that the title deeds were issued to the legitimate claimants of the land. Dalit Dasta Virodhi Abhiyan, an organisation working with Dalits in Punjab spoke about the need to stringently implement all the legal provisions to end forced labour, bonded labour and human trafficking in India.
The People’s Solidarity Forum of Odisha emphasised on the long term work that includes promotion of sustainable livelihood and climate resilient agriculture, local relevant climate resilient varieties of seeds, drought resilient millet based mixed cropping, and rain water harvesting measures. Immediate assessment in drought situation by enhancing its forecasting procedure and using technology and alternative livelihood options that is based on indigenous knowledge and skill, climate resilient and sustainable has been the demand of people from disaster prone areas.
Regarding unorganised labour the primary need articulated was the strict implementation of minimum wages across the country and ensuring basic needs of regular employment, food security, health and housing. Dehadi Majdoor Sanghatan of Uttar Pradesh spoke about the need to fix minimum wages at the rate of Rs.18,000 per month, and also raised the need of regularising and systematising labour posts so that informal workers who come to sell their labour at these spaces have proper places to wait, with drinking water and access to free toilets.
Jaipur based Rajasthan Kachchi Basti Mahasangh and Odisha Anasangthita Shramika Manch of Bhubaneswar spoke about housing needs of migrant workers especially those who live in informal settlements. They raised the issue of homes for the homeless, basic civic services for all informal settlements and adequate rehabilitation for those whose houses and settlements are demolished.
Tribal rights
In March, more than 300 leaders from more than 40 tribal organisations from across 10 states met in Raipur, Chhattisgarh in a Rashtriya Adivasi Adhiveshan and called for the effective implementation of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act – PESA – and Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, more commonly known as Forest Right Act.
Through PESA they sought to ensure the effective and democratic evolution of traditional forms of self-governance, and through the FRA they wanted tribal communities to take on the responsibility of protecting forests, forest lands, water bodies and minerals as commons to be used for the good of all humankind.
Tribal organisations including the Adivasi Janjati Adhikar Manch, Jungle BachaoAndolan, National Adivasi Alliance and Khedut Majdoor Chetna Sangh, have called for building a new positive relationship with tribal communities to ensure the spread of education and improving living conditions to ensure that the future is not a mirror of a past that has seen so much injustice. The forest dependent communities like Jhodia, Odia Kandha, Saara(Sabara), Kanda Dora and Paharia have been demanding for inclusion in the scheduled tribe list.
The need for ensuring access to education, employment and livelihood for nomadic tribes and de-notified tribes (NTDNT) was expressed as was the need to pass a law in Parliament to set up a permanent National Commission for Nomadic Tribes and De-notified Tribes. Identity cards, land rights and housing rights for NTDNT communities was raised. Civic services to existing settlements of nomadic tribes, especially road access, electricity, water supply and proximate schools was demanded. Steps needed to be taken to remove the continuing stigma against denotified tribes and to enhance security,including the repeal of the Habitual Offenders Act, 1952, which in many ways has replaced the British colonial notification of the so called ‘criminal tribes’.
Education and child rights
Education dominated the child rights agenda. The demand was for the strict implementation of the Right to Education Act to ensure that all children get equal access to quality education. Activists and volunteers associated with Nai Pahal, the joint programme being implemented in collaboration with the Uttar Pradesh government and UNICEF spoke about the need to take steps to ensure enrolment of all out-of-school children in schools, ensuring clean toilets and safe drinking water in schools. Activists involved in the running of Child Friendly Spaces set up with UNICEF in Jammu and Kashmir spoke about the need to serve children whose education has been disrupted and the need to create alternative avenues of the educational development and mental well-being by ensuring they have access to opportunities to grow, play and learn.
Our activists who have long experience of disaster risk-reduction, response and rehabilitation spoke about the need to institute standard operating procedures that would call for focus on children, youth, women, the aged and people with disability during rescue and relief operations and in resilience building and risk reduction programmes. These sections of society are most vulnerable in emergencies and help ground resilience building activities.
We are witnessing a crisis of ecology, which is marked by climate change, worsening inequalities, multiple and protracted conflicts and mass displacements. These issues cannot be addressed unless we challenge the hegemonic forces of social, cultural, political, economic, and environmental exploitation. The way forward entails bringing forth the knowledge and protagonism of dispossessed communities and supporting their struggles for social and ecological justice, while strengthening legal frameworks and protective mechanisms.
We have helped compile this document and the demands herein to provide people across all spectrums of belief and opinion a template for mobilising and undertaking progressive actions which are based on the leadership of excluded and vulnerable communities, feminist principles and inter-community synergies. We also hope that this document will propel further discussions and deliberations, thus deepening democratic spaces and discursive policy-making in the country.
(Chachra is executive director, ActionAid Association, which works with communities to reduce poverty and promote human rights)
